We have explored the relationship between聽racial identity and several outcomes. A positive sense of racial identity helps protect African American youth against the negative effects of risk factors for negative outcomes. Racial identity also helps enhance positive youth development.
We found that:
- A strong racial identity was associated with less psychological distress, less violent behavior, and聽greater academic achievement
- Racial identity helps youth avoid the negative effects of discrimination on psychological distress
- Racial identity is聽vital for adolescent resiliency in the face of risks for violent behavior
- Neighborhood racial composition聽can influence mental health聽over time
Related publications
2018
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2018 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Lee, D. B., Heinze, J. E., Neblett, E. W., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2018). Trajectories of Racial Discrimination That Predict Problematic Alcohol Use Among African American Emerging Adults. Emerging Adulthood, 6(5), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817739022
Lee, D. B., Hope, M. O., Heinze, J. E., Cunningham, M., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2018). Psychological pathway from racial discrimination to the physical consequences of alcohol consumption: Religious coping as a protective factor. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2018.1540956
2017
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2017 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Assari, S., Moazen-Zadeh, E., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2017). Racial Discrimination during Adolescence Predicts Mental Health Deterioration in Adulthood: Gender Differences among Blacks. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00104
2015
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2015 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Assari, S., Moghani Lankarani, M., Malekahmadi, M. R., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015). Baseline religion involvement predicts subsequent salivary cortisol levels among male but not female Black youth. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.31790
2014
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2014 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Hurd, N. M., Varner, F. A., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2014). Does perceived racial discrimination predict changes in psychological distress and substance use over time? An examination among Black emerging adults. Dev Psychol, 50(7), 1910–1918. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036438
2013
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2013 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Hurd, N. M., Sellers, R. M., Cogburn, C. D., Butler-Barnes, S. T., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2013). Racial identity and depressive symptoms among Black emerging adults: The moderating effects of neighborhood racial composition. Dev Psychol, 49(5), 938–950. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028826
2012
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2012 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Estrada-Martinez, L. M., Caldwell, C. H., Bauermeister, J. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2012). Stressors in multiple life-domains and the risk for externalizing and internalizing behaviors among african americans during emerging adulthood. J Youth Adolesc, 41(12), 1600–1612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9778-3
Hurd, N. M., Sanchez, B., Zimmerman, M. A., & Caldwell, C. H. (2012). Natural mentors, racial identity, and educational attainment among African American adolescents: exploring pathways to success. Child Dev, 83(4), 1196–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01769.x
2011
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2011 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Butler-Barnes, S. T., Chavous, T. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2011). Exposure to Violence and Achievement Motivation Beliefs: Moderating Roles of Cultural-Ecological Factors. Race and Social Problems, 3(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-011-9044-4
2004
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2004 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Caldwell, C. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., Chavous, T. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Racial discrimination and racial identity as risk or protective factors for violent behaviors in African American young adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(1–2), 91–105.
2003
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2003 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Chavous, T. M., Bernat, D. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., Caldwell, C. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity and academic attainment among African American adolescents. Child Development, 74(4), 1076–1090.
Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 44(3), 302–317.
2002
1561421 ZTG9W5W4 Discrimination 2002 apa 50 creator asc 189 https://fas.sph.umich.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Caldwell, C. H., Zimmerman, M. A., Bernat, D. H., Sellers, R. M., & Notaro, P. C. (2002). Racial identity, maternal support, and psychological distress among African American adolescents. Child Development, 73(4), 1322–1336.
Additional Topics
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Substance Use
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Social Support
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Neighborhoods
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Mental Health
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Violence
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