either
从属连词
时间 状语
after / before/ when / while / as / until / till/ since/ as soon as
after
当after后面连接的是一个完整句子(至少有主谓)的时候,就是做连词.
当after后面连接的是一个名词或动词形式的时候,那就是做介词.
关键还是看是否连接一个完整句子.
after用法:
一、conj. (连词)
after可用作连词连接一个时间状语从句,从句中一般用现在时表示将来。
before
before作连词,是从属连词连接时间状语从句,
在...之前,与after相反.例如:
*He had been a soldier for three years before he came to our city .
*She had learnt 2000 English words before she went to the USA.
由before和after引导的时间状语从句
注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。
还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;
如果before引导的主句谓语用的是过去完成时,则从句动词多用一般过去时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
主句和 从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
when 时间状语
when引导时间状语从句,表示“当……的时候”,when既可以指时间段,也可指时间 点,从句中既可用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词,且动作既可和主句的动作同时发 生,又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生。
2.在过去,主句动作发生时,when从句动作正进行 解释:表示在过去,当主句的包含动作发生时,从句的动作在当时也正在进行。此类句 子主句动词为瞬间性,从句动词为延续性。 句子结构:when从句用过去进行时,主句用过去式。 3.在过去,when从句动作发生时,主句动作正进行 解释:表示在过去,当从句的动作发生时,主句的动作在当时也正在进行。此类句子主 句动词为延续性,从句动词为瞬间性。 句子结构:when从句用过去式,主句用过去进行时。 4.在过去,when从句动作发生时,主句动作已完成
when,while引导的时间状语从句。
例如:连词细解
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground ,it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it.当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.(我们的校长边谈边笑。)
when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我停止吃饭。(瞬时动词)
when引导的bai时间状语从句可以接一段时间或者一个具体的du时间zhi点,从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,也dao可以是瞬时动词。when表示“当…时”“在…时”,或"就在那时"。
【1】在过去,when从句和主句的动作先后发生
解释:表示在过去,主句和从句包含的动作先后发生了,或者主句或从句的动作先发生。
句子结构:when从句和主句都用过去式。
例句:When I lived in the countryside, I usedto carry some water for him.
当住在农村时,我常常为他担水。
When they began to talk about him hepricked his ears.
当他们开始议论到他时,他竖起了耳朵。
His friends fell off one by one when hewas in adversity.
在他身处逆境时,他的朋友一个接一个离他而去。
说明:主句过去式常用 was(were) about to, was(were) on the point 等词组。如:
We were about to leave when he came in.
我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
We were about to start when it began torain.
我们刚要出发就开始下雨了。
【2】在过去,主句动作发生时,when从句动作正进行
解释:表示在过去,当主句的包含动作发生时,从句的动作在当时也正在进行。此类句子主句动词为瞬间性,从句动词为延续性。
句子结构:when从句用过去进行时,主句用过去式。
例句:When rolling down the hill, he snatchedat a rock.
在向山下滚的过程中,他一把抓住了一块岩石。
When running, he stumbled me.
跑动之中他把我绊倒了。
When I was having breakfast,my dad wentout of home.
当我吃早饭的时候,我爸爸就出门了。
I was thinking of this when I heard myname called.
当突然听到有人叫我时,我正想着这件事时。
while
引导时间状语从句 译作“当……时”。
例如: 1. Make hay while the sun shines. 趁着有太阳晒晒草。
(乘机行事,抓紧时机。)
2. We must work hard to gain more knowledge while we are young.
趁着现在还年轻,我们必须刻苦学习,获得更多的知识。
二、引导让步状语从句
常放在句首,译作“尽管”、“虽然”,比although或 though语气要轻。
例如: 1. While I believe it is true, I cannot prove it.
虽然我相信那是真的,但我无法证明。
2. While any kind of athletic shoe can provide a certain amount of rebound, energy-return sneakers are designed to maximize this effect.
虽然任何一种运动鞋都能提供一定的反弹力,但回力运动鞋能够使这种效果最大化。
as
可以引导时间状语 也可以引导 原因状语
As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨,空气比较清爽.
as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”,含有对比说明的意味,语气比since弱, 较为正式, 位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。
As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.
As you are tired, you had better rest.
I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.
as一般放在句首,语气较弱,较口语化
not .... until
和瞬间动词
since
as soon as
for
for引导的是并列句表示原因但并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因, 只提供一些辅助性的补充说明, for引导的并列句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。
He could not have seen me, for I was not there.
He seldom goes out now, for he is very old.
条件状语从句: if ,unless
if
unless
原因状语从句
because
as
since
目的状语
表示目的的
so that
so that 引导目的状语从句,意为“以便;为了”,相当于in order to/so as to.常放于句中,但是in order to常放于句首或句中,so as to常放于句末。
eg: Xiao Hua studies hard so that she can get a good grade in last examination. 肖华学习努力是为了在期末考试中取一个好成绩。
My sister made a model plane so that she could help with her friend studying the science last night. 昨天晚上我妹妹制作了一个飞机模型以便她能帮助她的朋友学习科学。
so as to 也表达为了 以便
so that 后面跟目的状语从句。in order to和 so as to后面跟动词原形,in order to可以放在句首但 so as to不行。
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
The doctors gave her a general checkup so as to/ in order to find out the cause of her illness.
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
属于目的状语从句:从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的状语从句。
举例:
Say it louder(so)that everyone can hear you.
大声说,以大家都能听到你的声音。
So that在目的状语从句中可表示"为了"的意思;在结果状语从句中表示结果。
目的状语从句:从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的状语从句。
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导;
目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, will, would等情态动词。
一些用法:
1) so … that…/ such ….that
so nice a boy that…
such a nice boy that…
so beautiful/diligent/carefully … that…
such (fine weather/great improvement) that…
2) so that
She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 5 o'clock.
她努力工作,以便在五点前是一切都就绪。
She looked down so that she should not see his eyes.
她垂下目光,使她看不到他的眼睛。
Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time.
该句式中主要考查so that 与其它短语的区别,如:
由于so that也可以引导目的状语从句,同学们应特别注意从句中时态的运用。
3) so much so that
该结构用于形容词或副词之后,表示"到如此程度以致于"。如:
He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk.
I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night.
4) 注意结果状语从句与too….to..enough to…, so… as to结构的不同。
5)in order(that)"以便" to the end that "为……起见,以便"
让步状语从句
表示结果
so.... that so that /such...that
引导比较状语从句
引导宾语从句
原因组
because 最正式
for 鱿鱼 放在句首,前面有逗号
as 由于 ,放在句首或句中,前面不需要加逗号
since 既然 ,用于表示大家都知道的原因放在句首
主将从现
if
/unless/
when/
before
/after/
as soon as/
until
as well as 和 and 一样
as well as 就远原则
or 和 otherwise 一样
so 和 therefore
but 和 however 一样
就近组
either...or...
neither... nor....
not only ....but also...
not....but....
....or.....
结果组
so +adj./adv.that .....
such ...that ... such后可接a /an 形容词名词
Candy is so lovely that everbody likes her.
candy is such a love techer that everybody like her.
either...or... neither... nor....
不是.就是.
表示两者之一,连接句子中两个并列的成分.例如:
例如:
Either you or he has lunch at school.其一般疑问句应为:Do either you or he have lunch at school?是你还是他在学校吃午饭?
若要对either...or...句型进行否定时,只需把either...or...换成neither...nor...即可.例如:
Either you or she is good at drawing.变为否定句应为:Neither you nor she is good at drawing.你和她都不擅长绘画.
我们还可以单独使用either,其意为"两者中的任何一个".例如:
There are many shops on either side of the street.街道两边有许多商店.这个句子也可以这样表达:There are many shops on both sides of the street.在街道两边有许多商店.
either用在否定句的句末,表示"也"的意思.例如:
If you don\'t go there.I won\'t,either.如果你不去那里,我也不去.
When the girl is happy,she either sings or dances.那个女孩高兴时,不是唱就是跳.(此句中either...or...连接两个动词,因为主语是单数第三人称,谓语动词要用其相应的形式.)
either...or...连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就是我们通常说的"就近原则".
Either you or I am going there tomorrow.明天要么你去那里,要么我去那里.
注意:如果把上句变成一般疑问句,助动词形式与主语you保持一致,所以要用are提问,而不是am.例如:
Are either you or I going there tomorrow?明天是你还是我去那里?
就近原则
条件组
if 如果
as long as 只要
unless 除非 = if。。。not
He promised to help me to mend the table unless he was very busy.
最近输入手法不是很流畅,部分格式和文字可能错误。