Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a
speech community.
9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
11.performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
13.design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human
language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to no logical connection between meaning and
sound.
15. productivity: Users can understand and produce sentences t hat they have never
heard before.
16. duality: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound,
which is meaningless, and the higher lever of meaning.
17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to the contexts removed from the
immediate situation of the speaker no matter how far away from the topic of
conversation in time or space.
18. cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It is taught and learned
from one generation to the next, rather than by instinct.
Chapter 2: Phonology
1. phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.
2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all
sounds in t he world’s languages.
3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. h
a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.
the
4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how sounds are perceived by the hearer.
5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves,
the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person
to another.
6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.
7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.
8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds
sequences in written form.
9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show
sounds in written form.
10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.
11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of
letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.
12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.
