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1. Stoichiometry

2. Cake Recipe Ingredients for12 servings : 8 Eggs (E) 2 cups Sugar (Su) 2 cups Flour (Fl) 1 cup Butter (Bu) Calculate the amount of ingredients needed for 40 servings

3. What is Stoichiometry? • Chemists and chemical engineers must perform calculations based on balanced chemical reactions to predict the cost of processes. • These calculations are used to avoid using large excess amounts of costly chemicals. • The calculations these scientists use are called stoichiometry calculations.

4. Interpreting Chemical Equations • Lets look at the reaction of nitrogen monoxide with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide: 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) • Two molecules of NO gas react with one molecule of O2 gas to produce 2 molecules of NO2 gas. UV

5. Moles & Equation Coefficients 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) • The coefficients represent molecules, so we can multiply each of the coefficients and look at more than individual molecules.

6. Mole Ratios 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) • We can now read the balanced chemical equation as “two moles of NO gas react with one mole of O2 gas to produce 2 moles of NO2 gas”. • The coefficients indicate the mole ratio, or the ratio of the moles, of reactants and products in every balanced chemical equation.

7. Volume & Equation Coefficients • According to Avogadro’s theory, there are equal numbers of molecules in equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure. • So, twice the number of molecules occupies twice the volume. 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) • So, instead of 2 molecules NO, 1 molecule O2, and 2 molecules NO2, we can write: 2 liters of NO react with 1 liter of O2 gas to produce 2 liters of NO2 gas.

8. Interpretation of Coefficients • From a balanced chemical equation, we know how many molecules or moles of a substance react and how many moles of product(s) are produced. • If there are gases, we know how many liters of gas react or are produced.

9. Conservation of Mass • The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. Lets test: 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) • 2 mol NO + 1 mol O2 → 2 mol NO • 2 (30.01 g) + 1 (32.00 g) → 2 (46.01 g) • 60.02 g + 32.00 g → 92.02 g • 92.02 g = 92.02 g • The mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the product! Mass is conserved. UV

10. 1 mol O2 1 mol N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NO 1 mol NO 1 mol O2 1 mol O2 1 mol NO 1 mol NO 1 mol N2 1 mol N2 1 mol O2 Mole - Mole Relationships • We can use a balanced chemical equation to write mole ratio which can be used as unit factors: N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g) • Since 1 mol of N2 reacts with 1 mol of O2 to produce 2 mol of NO, we can write the following mole relationships: ∆

11. 1 mol O2 2.25 mol N2 × = 2.25 mol O2 1 mol N2 Mole - Mole Calculations • How many moles of oxygen react with 2.25 mol of nitrogen? N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g) • We want mol O2, we have 2.25 mol N2. • Use 1 mol N2 = 1 mol O2.

12. Types of Stoichiometry Problems • There are three basic types of stoichiometry problems we’ll introduce in this chapter: • Mass-Mass stoichiometry problems • Mass-Volume stoichiometry problems • Volume-Volume stoichiometry problems

13. Mass - Mass Problems • In a mass-mass stoichiometry problem, we will convert a given mass of a reactant or product to an unknown mass of reactant or product. • There are three steps: • Convert the given mass to moles using the molar mass as a unit factor. • Convert the moles of given to moles of the unknown using the coefficients in the balanced equation. • Convert the moles of unknown to grams using the molar mass as a unit factor.

14. Mass-Mass Stoichiometry Problem • What is the mass of mercury produced from the decomposition of 1.25 g of orange mercury (II) oxide (MM = 216.59 g/mol)? 2 HgO(s) → 2 Hg(l) + O2(g) • Convert grams Hg to moles Hg using the molar mass of mercury (200.59 g/mol). • Convert moles Hg to moles HgO using the balanced equation. • Convert moles HgO to grams HgO using the molar mass.

15. 2 mol Hg 200.59 g Hg 1 mol HgO 1.25 g HgO × × × 2 mol HgO 216.59 g HgO 1 mol Hg Problem Continued 2 HgO(s) → 2 Hg(l) + O2(g) g Hg  mol Hg  mol HgO  g HgO = 1.16 g Hg

16. Mass-Volume Problems • In a mass-volume stoichiometry problem, we will convert a given mass of a reactant or product to an unknown volume of reactant or product. • There are three steps: • Convert the given mass to moles using the molar mass as a unit factor. • Convert the moles of the given to moles of the unknown using the coefficients in the balanced equation. • Convert the moles of unknown to liters using the molar volume of a gas as a unit factor.

17. Mass-Volume Stoichiometry Problem • How many liters of hydrogen are produced from the reaction of 0.165 g of aluminum metal with dilute hydrochloric acid? 2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g) • Convert grams Al to moles Al using the molar mass of aluminum (26.98 g/mol). • Convert moles Al to moles H2 using the balanced equation. • Convert moles H2 to liters using the molar volume at STP.

18. 1 mol Al 3 mol H2 22.4 L H2 0.165 g Al × × × 26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol H2 Problem Continued 2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g) g Al  mol Al  mol H2 L H2 = 0.205 L H2

19. Volume-Volume Stoichiometry • Gay-Lussac discovered that volumes of gases under similar conditions, combine in small whole number ratios. This is the law of combining volumes. • Consider the reaction: H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g) • 10 mL of H2 reacts with 10 mL of Cl2 to produce 20 mL of HCl. • The ratio of volumes is 1:1:2, small whole numbers.

20. Law of Combining Volumes • The whole number ratio (1:1:2) is the same as the mole ratio in the balanced chemical equation: H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)

21. Volume-Volume Problems • In a volume-volume stoichiometry problem, we will convert a given volume of a gas to an unknown volume of gaseous reactant or product. • There is one step: • Convert the given volume to the unknown volume using the mole ratio (therefore the volume ratio) from the balanced chemical equation.

22. Volume-Volume Problem • How many liters of oxygen react with 37.5 L of sulfur dioxide in the production of sulfur trioxide gas? 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) • From the balanced equation, 1 mol of oxygen reacts with 2 mol sulfur dioxide. • So, 1 L of O2 reacts with 2 L of SO2. Pt ∆

23. 1 L O2 37.5 L SO2 × = 18.8 L O2 2 L SO2 2 L SO3 37.5 L SO2 × = 37.5 L SO3 2 L SO2 Problem Continued Pt ∆ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) L SO2 L O2 How many L of SO3 are produced?

24. Limiting Reactant Concept • Say you’re making grilled cheese sandwiches. You need 1 slice of cheese and 2 slices of bread to make one sandwich. • 1 Cheese + 2 Bread → 1 Sandwich • If you have 5 slices of cheese and 8 slices of bread, how many sandwiches can you make? • You have enough bread for 4 sandwiches and enough cheese for 5 sandwiches. • You can only make 4 sandwiches; you will run out of bread before you use all the cheese.

25. Limiting Reactant • Since you run out of bread first, bread is the ingredient that limits how many sandwiches you can make. • In a chemical reaction, the limiting reactant is the reactant that controls the amount of products you can make. • A limiting reactant is used up before the other reactants. • The other reactants are present in excess.

26. Determining the Limiting Reactant • If you heat 2.50 mol of Fe and 3.00 mol of S, how many moles of FeS are formed? Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s) • According to the balanced equation, 1 mol of Fe reacts with 1 mol of S to give 1 mol of FeS. • So 2.50 mol of Fe will react with 2.50 mol of S to produce 2.50 mol of FeS. • Therefore, iron is the limiting reactant and sulfur is the excess reactant. ∆

27. Determining the Limiting Reactant • If you start with 3.00 mol of sulfur and 2.50 mol of sulfur reacts to produce FeS, you have 0.50 mol of excess sulfur (3.00 mol – 2.50 mol). • The table below summarizes the amounts of each substance before and after the reaction.

28. Mass Limiting Reactant Problems There are three steps to a limiting reactant problem: • Calculate the mass of product that can be produced from the first reactant. mass reactant #1  mol reactant #1  mol product  mass product • Calculate the mass of product that can be produced from the second reactant. mass reactant #2  mol reactant #2  mol product  mass product • The limiting reactant is the reactant that produces the least amount of product.

29. 3 mol Fe 3 mol FeO 55.85 g Fe 1 mol FeO 25.0 g FeO × × × 71.85 g FeO 1 mol Fe = 19.4 g Fe Mass Limiting Reactant Problem • How much molten iron is formed from the reaction of 25.0 g FeO and 25.0 g Al? • 3 FeO(l) + 2 Al(l) → 3 Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) • First, lets convert g FeO to g Fe: • We can produce 19.4 g Fe if FeO is limiting.

30. 1 mol Al 25.0 g Al × × × 3 mol Fe 26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 55.85 g Fe = 77.6 g Fe 1 mol Fe Mass Problem Continued 3 FeO(l) + 2 Al(l) → 3 Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) • Second, lets convert g Al to g Fe: • We can produce 77.6 g Fe if Al is limiting.

31. Mass Problem Continued • Lets compare the two reactants: • 25.0 g FeO can produce 19.4 g Fe • 25.0 g Al can produce 77.6 g Fe • FeO is the limiting reactant. • Al is the excess reactant.

32. Volume Limiting Reactant Problems • Limiting reactant problems involving volumes follow the same procedure as those involving masses, except we use volumes. volume reactant  volume product • We can convert between the volume of the reactant and the product using the balanced equation

33. 2 L NO2 2 L NO2 5.00 L NO × = 5.00 L NO2 2 L NO 1 L O2 5.00 L O2 × = 10.0 L NO2 Volume Limiting Reactant Problem • How many liters of NO2 gas can be produced from 5.00 L NO gas and 5.00 L O2 gas? 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2 (g) • Convert L NO to L NO2 and L O2 to L NO2: ∆

34. Volume Problem Continued • Lets compare the two reactants: • 5.00 L NO can produce 5.00 L NO2 • 5.00 L O2 can produce 10.0 L NO2 • NO is the limiting reactant. • O2 is the excess reactant.

35. actual yield × 100 % = percent yield theoretical yield Percent Yield • When you perform a laboratory experiment, the amount of product collected is the actual yield. • The amount of product calculated from a limiting reactant problem is the theoretical yield. • The percent yield is the amount of the actual yield compared to the theoretical yield.

36. 0.875 g CuCO3 × 100 % = 88.6 % 0.988 g CuCO3 Calculating Percent Yield • Suppose a student performs a reaction and obtains 0.875 g of CuCO3 and the theoretical yield is 0.988 g. What is the percent yield? Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → CuCO3(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq) • The percent yield obtained is 88.6%.

37. Conclusions • The coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction are the mole ratio of the reactants and products. • The coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction are the volume ratio of gaseous reactants and products. • We can convert moles, liters, or grams of a given substance to moles, liters, or grams of an unknown substance in a chemical reaction using the balanced equation.

38. Stoichiometry

39. Stoichiometry • The limiting reactant is the reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction. • The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount calculated based on the limiting reactant. • The actual yield is the amount of product isolated in an actual experiment. • The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield.