Antonymy ( 反意性 )

6 . 4 Antonymy(反意性) 09002050 이 경민

6.4.1 Types of Antonymy Contradictory terms Contrary terms Relative terms

6.4.1Types of Antonymy Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. There are a variety of ‘oppositeness’.

1. Contradictory terms They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit possibility between them. An animal is either dead or alive present/ absent boy/girl male/ female true/ false

2. Contrary terms Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes rich/ poor, old/ young, big/ small, This kind of form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other as shown below. NORM huge/very big/big/quite big/medium sized/quite small/small/tiny

3. Relative terms • This third type consists of relational opposites such as parent/ child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successor, employer/ employee. • This type also includes reverse terms. • sell/ buy • A sells something to B. • A sells it to B. • B buys something from A • A sells it to B.

6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms . (1~4)

6.4.2Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition. Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites. read, hit, house, book, power, magazine Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.

6.4.2Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (2) • A word which has more than one meaning can have more than nor antonym. • word antonyms • fast : firm, secureloose • fast : pleasure-seeking sober • orwild • dull : boring interesting

6.4.2Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively. We can say male/ female dog, but we cannot use these adjectives with bitch. man/ woman dog/ bitch

6.4.2Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3) • tall/short • [36] How tall is his brother? • [37] How short is his brother? • [36] includes the meaning of [37]. • [37] is much more restricted in sense • and is considered semantically abnormal.

6.4.2Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each such has its own corresponding opposite. hot – warm – cool - cold The opposite of hot is cold and that of warm is cool. We can’t regard cool as the antonym of hot or cold as the antonym. intensity

6, 4, 3 The Use of Antonyms

6.4.3The Use of Antonyms • Antonyms have various practical uses and have • long proved helpful and valuable in defining • the meaning of words. • Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express • to economicallythe opposite of a particular • though, often for the sake of contrast.

6.4.3The Use of Antonyms • Many idioms are formed with antonyms, they • look neat and pleasant, and sound rhythmic. • rain or shine now or never • here and there thick and thin • weal and woe high and low • friend or foe give and take • Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to • achieve to emphasis by putting contrasting • ideas together. • Easy come, easy go. • More haste, less speed • United we stand, divided we fall

6.5 Hyponymy(下意語)

6.5Hyponymy • Hyponymy deals with the relationship of • semantic inclusion. • The meaning of a more specific word is • included in that of another more general word.

6.5 Hyponymy Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graph, with higher- order as superordinates above the lower subordinates. creature living things animal plant horse dog pig insect vegetable flower tree butterfly cabbage rose pine mare hound boar

6.5 Hyponymy Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness and concreteness. [40a] Treessurround the water near our summerplace. [40b]Old elms surround the lake near our summercabin. [41a] I met a writer who is the relation of a politician. [41b] I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley. [b] is better than sentence [a] !!

6 . 6 Semantic Field (意味場)

6.6 Semantic Field The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘emotions’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘colour’. Viewing the total meaning is this way is the basis of field theory.

6.6Semantic Field • Words in catch field are semantically related and • define one another. • It is a general belief that the meaning does not • exist the word itself, but it rather spreads over • the neighbouring words, because the • neighbouring words identify the semantic field • and help pin down the meaning.

6.6Semantic Field The vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal relations of the whole set alter.

6.6Semantic Field The same semantic field has now reorganized itself as in :

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Antonymy ( 反意性 )

Antonymy ( 反意性 )

Presentation Transcript

Antonymy and Conceptual Vectors